Sterling has hit roughly 2-1/2 years highs against the dollar and is flying high versus the euro, in moves analysts warn are underpinned by speculative interest rate bets that could unravel fast in markets still shaken by early August turmoil.
At around $1.32, Britain’s pound has soared beyond most analysts’ target prices for this year. It’s a stunning recovery from its slump to record lows near $1.03 after former UK prime minister Liz Truss’ September 2022 mini-Budget.
Predictions the Bank of England will keep interest rates high for longer than in the United States and the euro zone explain the rally but also make sterling vulnerable if monetary policy forecasts change, currency dealers and analysts said.
“We’re going to see deviations in (predictions of) easing paths being priced over time and that should lead to increased volatility,” Monex Europe senior market analyst Nick Rees said.
Sterling’s current value, he added, reflected expected UK economic growth but had ignored the risk of the BoE cutting rates faster than markets predict right now.
Traders predict UK rates will be higher than in the U.S. in a year’s time. The BoE cut rates by 25 basis points on Aug. 1 to 5 per cent and money markets price in a further 40 bps of cuts by year-end. The European Central Bank is expected to ease by 65 bps to 3 per cent over the same period.
Carry on buying?
Traders are wary of sudden sell-offs of higher-interest rate currencies after this month’s implosion of an estimated $250 billion in so-called carry trades, where speculators borrowed Japanese yen to buy higher-return assets.
A massive unwind of yen-funded positions just weeks ago wreaked damage on higher yielding currencies from Mexico’s peso to South Africa’s rand, putting sterling’s popularity as a carry trade purchase in focus.
At least three major investment banks are recommending trades that involve using the currently weak but often unpredictable Swiss franc as a funding vehicle to buy sterling, their marketing materials showed.
“This is a pennies in front of a steamroller trade,” Capital Economics head of FX markets Jonas Goltermann said, referring to investments that can generate small steady profits but come with the risk of sudden, catastrophic losses.
Debt funded carry trades generally prosper when markets are calm and can rapidly run into trouble when markets turn volatile or interest rate expectations change.
According to a UBS analysis of futures contracts, speculative traders using borrowed funds have dominated bets that sterling will appreciate against the dollar for more than a year, in a trade currently worth $3.5 billion.
Mainstream asset managers hold a $700 million net short position, the same data showed, suggesting that these longer term investors have a negative view on sterling overall.
Rate bets
Sterling is almost 3 per cent higher against the euro year-to-date and the best performing major currency against the dollar with a rise of 4 per cent.
It has been bolstered by hopes for improved political stability in Britain following July’s big election win for the Labour Party, as well as by the economy rebounding from a shallow recession in 2023.
Still, the new government’s first Budget in October poses risks of spending cuts or tax rises that may keep Britain’s high national debt under control but could hurt growth.
“All the good news for the pound is now in the price, and seemingly none of the bad news,” Goltermann said.
Rob Wood, chief UK economist at Pantheon Macroeconomics, said the BoE keeping rates high could suppress the economy in the years ahead, potentially knocking the pound.
Edgy
UBS’s Head of G10 FX Strategy Shahab Jalinoos said foreign exchange markets remained tense after the early August yen shock and could become more so as November’s U.S. presidential election approaches.
Carry trades tend to prosper when markets are calm, making the pound vulnerable to future bouts of volatility, he said.
“But the positioning is not so enormous as to preclude the possibility of sterling recovering once the dust settles again.”
The pound’s performance against the dollar was probably also exaggerated by thin summer trading conditions, Monex’s Rees said.
The Bank of International Settlements warned this week that while currency markets were not turbulent right now, large positions built up in periods of calm could unwind quickly when volatility rises.
Societe Generale’s chief currency strategist Kit Juckes, said the pound had also benefited from political upheaval in France undermining the euro.
If this perceived risk fades, sterling could weaken “pretty easily” to 86 pence per euro from around 84 pence currently, he said.