Global consumption of coal reached an all-time high in 2023, the IEA energy watchdog said on Friday, as Earth experienced its hottest recorded year.
The International Energy Agency reported that nations would burn even more coal this year than in 2022, the previous record for consumption of the key source of planet-warming gases.
Scientists say greenhouse gases will need to be cut almost in half this decade to meet the world’s targets of limiting global heating and avoiding catastrophic impacts on the Earth’s climate.
The EU’s Copernicus Climate Change Service said earlier in December that 2023 will be the hottest on record after November became the sixth record-breaking month in a row.
The IEA said, nevertheless, that after peaking this year, worldwide coal consumption was expected to start declining in 2024, as renewable power generation from solar and wind continues to expand.
Its latest forecasts were published two days after the conclusion of the United Nations climate negotiations (COP28) in Dubai — where nearly 200 countries reached a deal that the world should be “transitioning away from fossil fuels” to limit global warming.
It was the first time in the 28-year history of the annual climate negotiations that all fossil fuels were mentioned in an accord.
The disruption in the Earth’s climate has contributed to an increase in the intensity and frequency of storms, droughts and lethal wildfires around the world.
The IEA said consumption of coal, the dirtiest fossil fuel, rose by 1.4 per cent in 2023 to a record 8.5 billion tonnes, as increases in China, India and Indonesia outweighed sharply falling demand in Europe and the United States, the IEA said.
“We expect to see a trend emerging of declining worldwide coal demand, starting in 2024,” the Paris-based energy watchdog said, as renewable power generation from solar and wind continues to expand.
The appetite for coal is strongest in Asia, it said. Consumption in China alone grew by 220 million tonnes or 4.9 per cent in 2023, while in India it grew eight per cent and in Indonesia by 11 per cent.
Elsewhere, coal use fell 23 per cent or by 107 million tonnes in Europe, while in the United States it dropped 95 million tonnes or by 21 per cent, largely due to weakening industrial activity and an ongoing shift away from coal-fired generation towards renewables.
The IEA said it was difficult to forecast demand in Russia, currently the fourth-largest coal consumer, because of the ongoing conflict in Ukraine, and forecasts for Ukraine were equally uncertain.
While the IEA predicted a decline in coal in power stations, it said its use in heavy industries like cement production was expected to continue at high levels.
Paradoxically, the high demand for coal in Indonesia’s mining sector stems from its booming industry in extracting and refining nickel for use in electric car batteries.
China remains the world’s largest user of coal, responsible for half (54 per cent) of all coal burned worldwide.
More than 60 per cent of coal burned in China is used to generate electricity and the country continues to build coal-fired power stations.
This year alone, the country has approved new projects totalling 52 gigawatts of new electricity-generating capacity.
The IEA nevertheless expects coal consumption in China to start declining, unless heatwaves and very cold spells lead to higher demand on its power plants.
Burning coal to generate electricity would decline in China to 2.8 billion tonnes, a drop of 175 million, over the period 2024-26.
In its place, the main demand for coal would come from India, at least as far as 2026, the IEA said.
In the European Union, an expansion of renewable energies, which generate very little greenhouse gas emissions, is curbing demand for coal.
In Germany, the use of ignite- and coal-powered power stations is expected to tail off significantly by 2025, the watchdog forecast, as solar and wind farms come on stream.